저위험도 전립선암 환자의 치료 편집하기 (부분)

== 근거표 ==
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!KQ1
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!Reference
|1. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, Häggman M, Andersson SO, Bratell S, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1977-84.
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!Study type
|Randomized study
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!Patients
|347 radical prostatectomy and 348 watchful waiting
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!Purpose of Study
|To compare radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in the management of early prostate cancer 
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!Study Results
|During a median of 8.2 years of follow-up, 83 men in the surgery group and 106 men in the watchful-waiting group died (P=0.04). In 30 of the 347 men assigned to surgery (8.6 percent) and 50 of the 348 men assigned to watchful waiting (14.4 percent), death was due to prostate cancer. The difference in the cumulative incidence of death due to prostate cancer increased from 2.0 percentage points after 5 years to 5.3 percentage points after 10 years, for a relative risk of 0.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.88; P=0.01 by Gray’s test). For distant metastasis, the corresponding increase was from 1.7 to 10.2 percentage points, for a relative risk in the surgery group of 0.60 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.42 to 0.86; P=0.004 by Gray’s test), and for local progression, the increase was from 19.1 to 25.1 percentage points, for a relative risk of 0.33 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.44; P<0.001 by Gray’s test).
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!Level of Study
|1
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!Reference
|2. Adolfsson J, Tribukait B, Levitt S. The 20-Yr outcome in patients with well- or moderately differentiated clinically localized prostate cancer diagnosed in the pre-PSA era: the prognostic value of tumour ploidy and comorbidity. Eur Urol 2007;52:1028-35.
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!Study type
|Observational cohort study
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!Patients
|119
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!Purpose of Study
|To describe the long-term outcome of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer managed with watchful waiting, the prognostic value of tumour ploidy, and the impact of comorbidity.
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!Study Results
|Median age was 68 yr. Median observation time was 24 yr+/-6.25 (SD). Of the 112 patients who died, 42 died of prostate cancer. Disease-specific survival rates were 85% (95% CI: 77-93%), 58% (46-70%), and 32% (19-46%) at 10, 15, and 20 yr, respectively. Treatment-free survival rate was 43% (95% CI: 33-54%) at 10 yr. Patients aged 70 yr and over had a statistically significant increased risk of dying from any cause. There was a statistically significant increased risk of dying from prostate cancer for patients with nondiploid tumours.
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!Level of Study
|2
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!Reference
|3. Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, Shih W, Lin Y, DiPaola RS, et al. Outcomes of localized prostate cancer following conservative management. JAMA 2009;302:1202-9.
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!Study type
|Population-based cohort study
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!Patients
|89,877
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!Purpose of Study
|To evaluate the outcomes of clinically localized prostate cancer managed without initial attempted curative therapy in the PSA era.
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!Study Results
|Among men who were a median age of 78 years at cancer diagnosis, 10-year prostate cancer-specific mortality was 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2%-12.8%) for men with well-differentiated tumors; 9.1% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.1%) for those with moderately differentiated tumors, and 25.6% (95% CI, 23.7%-28.3%) for those with poorly differentiated tumors. The corresponding 10-year risks of dying of competing causes were 59.8% (95% CI, 53.2%-67.8%), 57.2% (95% CI, 52.6%-63.9%), and 56.5% (95% CI, 53.6%-58.8%), respectively. Ten-year disease-specific mortality for men aged 66 to 74 years diagnosed with moderately differentiated disease was 60% to 74% lower than earlier studies: 6% (95% CI, 4%-8%) in the contemporary PSA era (1992-2002) compared with results of previous studies (15%-23%) in earlier eras (1949- 1992). Improved survival was also observed in poorly differentiated disease. The use of chemotherapy (1.6%) or major interventions for spinal cord compression (0.9%) was uncommon.
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!Level of Study
|2
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