Appendix

약어집

Abbreviation	a key to Abbreviations
ABR	Absolute bed rest
AGP	Antegrade pyelography
A-line	Arterial line
Anti.	Antibiotics
ARF	Acute renal failure
BM	Bone marrow
BR	Bed rest
BST	Blood sugar test
BT	Bleeding time
BWt	Body weight
Bx	Biopsy
C-line	Central line
CRF	Chronic renal failure
CrCl	Creatinine clearance
CVP	Central venous pressure
DIC	Disseminated intravascular coagulation
D-J	Double-J catheter
E'	Electrolyte
FBS	Fasting blood glucose
FFP	Fresh frozen plasma
F/U	Follow up
G.O	Gas out
Hb	Hemoglobin
Hct	Hematocrit
HD	Hemodialysis
H/S	Hartman solution
HTN	Hypertension
I/O	Input/Output
IV	Intravenous
LD	Liquid diet
LFT	Liver function test
L-tube	Levin tube
NRD	Normal regular diet
N/S	Normal saline
OP	Operation
OSM	Osmolarity
P/C	Platelet concentrate
PCA	Patient-controlled analgesia
PCN	Percutaneous nephrostomy
PFT	Pulmonary function test
PO	By mouth, orally
POD	Post-operative day
PSA	Prostate specific antigen
PT	Prothrombin time
qd	Once daily
RGP	Retrograde pyelography
SD	Soft diet
SOW	Seeps of water
TD	Tolerable diet
TPN	Total parenteral nutrition
TURB	Transurethral resection of bladder
TURP	Transurethral resection of prostate
U.O	Urine output
USG	Ultrasonography
V/S	Vital sign
W/B	Whole blood
W/U	Work up

비뇨기계 종양의 병기

Kidney cancer TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Primary tumor (T)

T category	T criteria
TX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0	No evidence of primary tumor
T1	Tumor ≤7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney
T1a	Tumor ≤4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney
T1b	Tumor >4 cm but ≤7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney
T2	Tumor >7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney
T2a	Tumor >7 cm but ≤10 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney
T2b	Tumor >10 cm, limited to the kidney
T3	Tumor extends into major veins or perinephric tissues, but not into the ipsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond Gerota's fascia
T3a	Tumor extends into the renal vein or its segmental branches, or invades the pelvicalyceal system, or invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia
T3b	Tumor extends into the vena cava below the diaphragm
T3c	Tumor extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava
T4	Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia (including contiguous extension into the ipsilateral adrenal gland)
Regional lymph nodes (N)
N category	N criteria
NX	Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
N1	Metastasis in regional lymph node(s)
Distant metastasis (M)
M category	M criteria
M0	No distant metastasis
M1	Distant metastasis
Prognostic stage groups
When T is...	And N is...	And M is...	Then the stage group is...
T1	N0	M0	I
T1	N1	M0	III
T2	N0	M0	II
T2	N1	M0	III
T3	NX, N0	M0	III
T3	N1	M0	III
T4	Any N	M0	IV
Any T	Any N	M1	IV

TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control.

Tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Primary tumor (T)

T category	T criteria
TX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0	No evidence of primary tumor
Ta	Noninvasive papillary carcinoma
Tis	Urothelial carcinoma in situ: "Flat tumor"
T1	Tumor invades lamina propria (subepithelial connective tissue)
T2	Tumor invades muscularis propria
pT2a	Tumor invades superficial muscularis propria (inner half)
pT2b	Tumor invades deep muscularis propria (outer half)
T3	Tumor invades perivesical soft tissue
pT3a	Microscopically
pT3b	Macroscopically (extravesical mass)
T4	Extravesical tumor directly invades any of the following: Prostatic stroma, seminal vesicles, uterus, vagina, pelvic wall, abdominal wall
T4a	Extravesical tumor invades directly into prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina
T4b	Extravesical tumor invades pelvic wall, abdominal wall
Regional lymph nodes (N)
N category	N criteria
NX	Lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0	No lymph node metastasis
N1	Single regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis (perivesical, obturator, internal and external iliac, or sacral lymph node)
N2	Multiple regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis (perivesical, obturator, internal and external iliac, or sacral lymph node metastasis)
N3	Lymph node metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes
Distant metastasis (M)
M category	M criteria
M0	No distant metastasis
M1	Distant metastasis
M1a	Distant metastasis limited to lymph nodes beyond the common iliacs
M1b	Non-lymph-node distant metastases
Prognostic stage groups
When T is...	And N is...	And M is...	Then the stage group is...
Ta	N0	M0	0a
Tis	N0	M0	0is
T1	N0	M0	I
T2a	N0	M0	II
T3a, T3b, T4a	N0	M0	IIIA
T1-T4a	N1	M0	IIIA
T1-T4a	N2, N3	M0	IIIB
T4b	Any N	M0	IVA
Any T	Any N	M1a	IVA
Any T	Any N	M1b	IVB

TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control.

Bladder cancer TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Primary tumor (T)

T category	T criteria
TX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0	No evidence of primary tumor
Ta	Noninvasive papillary carcinoma
Tis	Urothelial carcinoma in situ: "Flat tumor"
T1	Tumor invades lamina propria (subepithelial connective tissue)
T2	Tumor invades muscularis propria
pT2a	Tumor invades superficial muscularis propria (inner half)
pT2b	Tumor invades deep muscularis propria (outer half)
T3	Tumor invades perivesical soft tissue
pT3a	Microscopically
pT3b	Macroscopically (extravesical mass)
T4	Extravesical tumor directly invades any of the following: Prostatic stroma, seminal vesicles, uterus, vagina, pelvic wall, abdominal wall
T4a	Extravesical tumor invades directly into prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina
T4b	Extravesical tumor invades pelvic wall, abdominal wall
Regional lymph nodes (N)
N category	N criteria
NX	Lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0	No lymph node metastasis
N1	Single regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis (perivesical, obturator, internal and external iliac, or sacral lymph node
N2	Multiple regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis (perivesical, obturator, internal and external iliac, or sacral lymph node metastasis)
N3	Lymph node metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes
Distant metastasis (M)
M category	M criteria
M0	No distant metastasis
M1	Distant metastasis
M1a	Distant metastasis limited to lymph nodes beyond the common iliacs
M1b	Non-lymph-node distant metastases
Prognostic stage groups
When T is...	And N is...	And M is...	Then the stage group is...
Ta	N0	M0	0a
Tis	N0	M0	0is
T1	N0	M0	I
T2a	N0	M0	II
T2b	N0	M0	II
T3a, T3b, T4a	N0	M0	IIIA
T1-T4a	N1	M0	IIIA
T1-T4a	N2, N3	M0	IIIB
T4b	Any N	M0	IVA
Any T	Any N	M1a	IVA
Any T	Any N	M1b	IVB

TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control.

Prostate cancer TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Primary tumor (T)

Clinical T (cT)
T category	T criteria
TX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0	No evidence of primary tumor
T1	Clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpable
T1a	Tumor incidental histologic finding in 5% or less of tissue resected
T1b	Tumor incidental histologic finding in more than 5% of tissue resected
T1c	Tumor identified by needle biopsy found in one or both sides, but not palpable
T2	Tumor is palpable and confined within prostate
T2a	Tumor involves one-half of one side or less
T2b	Tumor involves more than one-half of one side but not both sides
T2c	Tumor involves both sides
T3	Extraprostatic tumor that is not fixed or does not invade adjacent structures
T3a	Extraprostatic extension (unilateral or bilateral)
T3b	Tumor invades seminal vesicle(s
T4	Tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles such as external sphincter, rectum, bladder, levator muscles, and/or pelvic wall
Pathological T (pT)
T category	T criteria
T2	Organ confined
T3	Extraprostatic extension
T3a	Extraprostatic extension (unilateral or bilateral) or microscopic invasion of bladder neck
T3b	Tumor invades seminal vesicle(s)
T4	Tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles such as external sphincter, rectum, bladder, levator muscles, and/or pelvic wall
NOTE: There is no pathological T1 classification. NOTE: Positive surgical margin should be indicated by an R1 descriptor, indicating residual microscopic disease.
Regional lymph nodes (N)
N category	N criteria
NX	Regional nodes were not assessed
N0	No positive regional nodes
N1	Metastases in regional node(s
Distant metastasis (M)
M1a	Nonregional lymph node(s)
M1b	Bone(s)
M1c	Other site(s) with or without bone disease
NOTE: When more than one site of metastasis is present, the most advanced category is used. M1c is most advanced.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
PSA values are used to assign this category.
PSA values
<10
≥10 <20
<20
≥20
Any value
Histologic grade group (G)
Recently, the Gleason system has been compressed into so-called Grade Groups.
Grade Group	Gleason score	Gleason pattern
1	≤6	≤3+3
2	7	3+4
3	7	4+3
4	8	4+4, 3+5, 5+3
5	9 or 10	4+5, 5+4, or 5+5

TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control.

Testicular cancer TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Primary tumor (T)

Clinical T (cT)
cT category	cT criteria
cTX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
cT0	No evidence of primary tumor
cTis	Germ cell neoplasia in situ
cT4	Tumor invades scrotum with or without vascular/lymphatic invasion
NOTE: Except for Tis confirmed by biopsy and T4, the extent of the primary tumor is classified by radical orchiectomy. TX may be used for other categories for clinical staging.
Pathological T (pT)
pT category	pT criteria
pTX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
pT0	No evidence of primary tumor
pTis	Germ cell neoplasia in situ
pT1	Tumor limited to testis (including rete testis invasion) without lymphovascular invasion
pT1a*	Tumor smaller than 3 cm in size
pT1b*	Tumor 3 cm or larger in size
pT2	Tumor limited to testis (including rete testis invasion) with lymphovascular invasion or Tumor invading hilar soft tissue or epididymis or penetrating visceral mesothelial layer covering the external surface of tunica albuginea with or without lymphovascular invasion
pT3	Tumor invades spermatic cord with or without lymphovascular invasion
pT4	Tumor invades scrotum with or without lymphovascular invasion
* Subclassification of pT1 applies only to pure seminoma.
Regional lymph nodes (N)
Clinical N (cN)
cN category	cN criteria
cNX	Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
cN0	No regional lymph node metastasis
cN1	Metastases with a lymph node mass 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension or Multiple lymph nodes, none larger than 2 cm in greatest dimension
cN2	Metastasis with a lymph node mass larger than 2 cm but not larger than 5 cm in greatest dimension or Multiple lymph nodes, any one mass larger than 2 cm but not larger than 5 cm in greatest dimension
cN3	Metastasis with a lymph node mass larger than 5 cm in greatest dimension
Pathological N (pN)
pN category	pN criteria
pNX	Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
pN0	No regional lymph node metastasis
pN1	Metastasis with a lymph node mass 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and less than or equal to five nodes positive, none larger than 2 cm in greatest dimension
pN2	Metastasis with a lymph node mass larger than 2 cm but not larger than 5 cm in greatest dimension; or more than more than five nodes positive, none larger than 5 cm; or evidence of extranodal extension of tumor
pN3	Metastasis with a lymph node mass larger than 5 cm in greatest dimension
Distant metastasis (M)
M category	M criteria
M0	No distant metastases
M1	Distant metastases
M1a	Non-retroperitoneal nodal or pulmonary metastases
M1b	Non-pulmonary visceral metastases
Serum markers (S)
S category	S criteria
SX	Marker studies not available or not performed
S0	Marker study levels within normal limits
S1	LDH <1.5 x N¶ and hCG (mIU/mL) <5000 and AFP (ng/mL) <1000
S2	LDH 1.5-10 x N¶ or hCG (mIU/mL) 5000-50,000 or AFP (ng/ mL) 1000-10,000
S3	LDH >10 x N¶ or hCG (mIU/mL) >50,000 or AFP (ng/mL) >10,000
¶ N indicates the upper limit of normal for the LDH assay

TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; hCG: human chorionic gonadotropin; AFP: alphafetoprotein.

Urethral cancer TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Primary tumor (T)

T category	T criteria

TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control.

Cancer of the penis TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Primary tumor (T)

T category	T criteria

TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control; ENE: extranodal extension.